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2013年GCT考试英语语法复习指导之内容
非谓语动词
一、非谓语动词种类及句法功能
(一)概述：
在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式(the Infinitive);动名词(the Gerund);现在分词(the Present Participle);过去分词(the Past Participle)。
(二)非谓语动词的句法功能
1)逻辑主语
为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。
① 不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时(如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等)，我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句：
It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。
It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。
It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。
It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们在水库里游泳很危险。
② 动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：
Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw.
玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。
Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher.
小李的迟到让老师很恼火。
Our sole worry is (you) your relying on youself too much.
我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。
They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together.
他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。
③ 分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：
Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来，地球像个兰色的球体。
这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …
Laughing and chatting, the puples left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。
同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, …
独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：
So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。
We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。
Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。
The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课了，老师把学生打发走了。
The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 岁着树的不断长高，树阴也越来越浓密了。
Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible. 把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。
They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。
2)宾语
第一类是有些动词之后面只能使用动名词做宾语。这些动词有：admit(承认)，acknowledge, appreciate(感激), avoid, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, endure, enjoy, excuse, evade, face, finish, facilitate, fancy, favor, forgive, can’t help, imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, pardon, resent, resist, require, risk, stand, suggest, understand, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent … (from), keep … from, stop …(from, protect … from, set about, be engaged in, spend … (in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like等等。如：
They haven’t finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。
He is considering changing a job. 他正在考虑换个工作。
第二类是既能带动名词又能带不定式作宾语的动词：attempt, begin, cease, continue, dread, forget, hate, intend, like, neglect, omit, prefer, propose, remember, start, try. 具体使用情形请看下述详细解释：
① 在begin, start, continue, like, hate, cease等后可以使用两种结构，无有区别。如：
Will you continue gardening/to garden after dinner? 饭后你继续干花园的活，好吗?
She likes to be flattered/being flattered. 她喜欢别人奉承她。
② need, want, require, deserve等动词表示“需要，值得”时，有两种结构可以用：一是使用动名词的主动式表被动;二是使用不定式的被动式。两者没有意义上的区别。如：
The flowers want watering. = The flowers want to be watered. 花该浇水了。
My hair needs cutting. = My hair needs to be cut. 我的头发该理了。
His performance deserves praising. = His performance deserves to be praised. 他的工作应该受到表扬。
③ remember, forget, regret等后面使用动词不定式表示未发生的动作;而使用动名词时表示已经发生的动作。如：
I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. 我很遗憾地通知你我们无法安排你的就业。
I regret being unable to help you. 我很遗憾当时未能帮你。
Don’t forget to post the letter on your way to work. 别忘了上班的路上把信寄走。
I forget posting the letter you gave me thins morning. 我忘了把你今天早上给我的信发走。
④ try后跟动名词表示“试一试”;和动词不定式连用表示“努力，试图”。
This foreign guest tried writing with the Chinese brush. 这位外国客人试着用毛笔写字。
He tried to cheat the old man out of his money. 他试图骗这老头的钱。
⑤ mean, intend后跟动名词表示“意味着”;接不定式表示“打算”。如：
Today, I intend to finish reading this book. 今天我打算读完这本书。
What he said at the meeting means his going abroad next year. 他在会上说的意思是他要出国。
⑥ prefer后使用动名词还是不定式有这么两种情况：当我们谈论一般情况时和当我们说在两种活动之间更喜欢哪一种的时候，一般使用动名词;另一种是和不定式连用，一般用来引导另一个短语。如：
Do you like swimming? ------- Yes, but I prefer sailing.
你喜欢游泳吗?--- 当然。但是我更喜欢驾驶帆船。
Can I give a lift? ----No, thanks, I would prefer to walk.
你顺便坐我的车走好么?---- 不用了，谢谢!我喜欢步行。
I prefer reading to going shoping on weekends. 周末我喜欢读点书，不喜欢逛街。
I would prefer to spend the weekend at home rather than drive/driving all the way to your mother’s.
我觉得与其开车跑那么远到你母亲那里过周末，倒不如在家更好些。
⑦ allow, advise, forbid, permit等在没有人做宾语的情况下接动名词;如果有人做宾语时则用不定式。如：
Sorry, we don’t allow smoking in the lecture room. 对不起，教室不准抽烟。
We don’t allow people to smkoe here. 我们不许人们在这里抽烟。
I wouldn’t advise taking the car --- there’s nowhere to park. 我不建议开车去，因为没有停车的地方。
I wouldn’t advise you to take the car. 我劝你不要开车去。
第三类是带to的短语。而实际上这个to是介词，如果不加区分，一律把它看作是动词不定式的小品词的话，很容易判断失误。这一类的短语主要有：attribute … to, owe … to, devote … to, contribute … to, be used to, be accustomed to, look forward to, pay attention to, object to, oppose to, in addition to等。如：
I am looking forward to hearing from her as soon as possible. 我在盼望着尽快收到她的来信。
He strongly opposed to traveling by air. 他强烈反对乘飞机。
3)动词不定式和分词用做宾语补足语
动词不定式和分词都可以用做宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的动作和状态。其区别在于不定式表示一个完整的动作，而分词则表示一个完整动作的过程。如：
I sawe her get on the tractor and drive it away. 我看见她上了拖拉机把它开走了。
I smelled something burning in the kitchen. 我闻到厨房什么东西有股糊味。
一般而言，能这样用的动词分为两类：第一类动词既可后接不定式又可接现在分词和过去分词：接不定式时表示一个完整的动作;接现在分词时表示宾语是动作的发出者，表示一个完整动作的一个过程;而接过去分词时，宾语则成为动作的承受者。这类动词有：see, hear, make, let, have, watch, feel, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to。如：
I heard somebody sing an English song in the next room.(表示一个完整的动作)
I hear somebody singing an English song in the next room.(表示完整动作的一个片段)
I heard an English song being sung in the next room.(表示完整动作的一个片段)
I heard an English song sung in the next room.(表示一个完整的动作)
第二类动词一般表示“致使”，要用分词做补足语：have, set, keep, get, catch, leave等。
The sight of the inviting melon in such a hot summer day set me watering.
在这么炎热的夏天看到那些诱人的西瓜着实令我口水直流。
You won’t catch me doing that again. 我绝不会再做那事了。
His remarks left me wondering about his real purpose. 他的一番话禁不住让我疑惑他的真实意图。
The smoke started her coughing. 烟呛得她直咳嗽。
4)动词不定式和分词用作状语
根据对非谓语动词词性的分析，大家知道，动词不定式和分词同时还具有副词的词性特征，因此能在句子中充当状语。
与分词不同的是，动词不定式在句中做状语时，主要表示目的、结果、原因;而分词做状语主要表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、伴随等。
一般判别二者之间的区别使用是根据不同的标志词来确定的，或者说用marker来确定它们。例如，动词不定式表示目的的有in order to, so as to。表示结果的有：so … as to, such … as to, enough to, too … to等。请看例句：
He shouted so as to be noticed.(目的)
She started early in order to avoid the rushing crowds.(目的)
Would you be so kind as to lend me your bike?(结果)
He is such a fool as to think that his idle chat can influence others.(结果)
The boy is old enough to look after himself.(结果)
His eyesight is too poor to read such small letter.(结果)
She wept to hear the news.(原因)
I rejoiced to hear that my son had been admitted into the famous university.(原因)
分词的表现形式是通过悬垂结构的句意来判断的，但是要请注意，悬垂结构中的逻辑主语一定是后面主句中的主语，检验的办法就是用主句的主语很分词结构还原成一个状语从句。如：
① 时间
Looking up suddenly, Robert saw a rainbow in the sky.
Floating on water, a ship displaces an amount of water equal to its own wweight.
Hearing the news that her son was rescued, she felt greatly relieved.
② 原因
Not knowing how to pronounce the word “plough”, the Frenchman looked up it in a dictionary.
Considering the importance of the experiment, they checked the result again and again.
Living in a remote village, we rarely have visitors coming.
③ 条件
This same thing, happening in the peacetime, would be a great disaster.
Unless meeting with unexpected difficulties at the office today, I shall be home early tonight.
④ 让步
Granting the achievements to be great, we have no reason to be conceited.
Walking and sleeping, he has the plan in his mind.
The chemical composition of water is H2O, whether being solid, liquid or vapor.
⑤ 结果
Their car was caught in the traffic jam, thus causing their delay.
We introduced a lot of advanced devices, thus saving much time and labor.
⑥ 目的
The people are working hard, striving to realize our country’s modernization.
We held a meeting, marking the anniversary of his death.
⑦ 方式(也称做伴随)
Theu stood by the roadside, watching the parade.
She stood motionlessly vacantly, looking at the sea.
They sat together, studying carefully the design of the new project.
5)省略不定式小品词to的情形
在不定式中，小品词to有时可以省略。主要在以下几种情形中：
① 在由make, let, see, feel, watch, have, hear, help, notice, observe, listen to, look at等动词引出的作宾语补语的情况时。
② 在介词but, except, besides 后(动词谓语必须是do，否则还需要小品词to)。如;
What do you like to do besides swim and play football?
Before breakfast we have no class but (except) to read English aloud.
When the enemy surrounded the house, they had no choice but to burn all the important documents.
③ 在had better, had best, had as good(宁可), would rather … than, would sooner … than, might as well, rather than后。如：
He had as good study English instead of German. 他宁可学英语也不愿意学德语。
They would rather try and fail than give it up. 他们宁愿试了失败也不愿意轻易放弃。
Let’s finish the work now rather than leave it off till tomorrow. 我们最好今晚把这活干完也别推到明天。
He resigned rather than take part in such a diahonest transaction. 他宁愿辞职也不愿干这桩肮脏的交易。
I would rather die standing than live kneeling. 我宁愿站着死不愿跪着生。
④ 在下列固定词组中。
We’ll have to make do with dry bread. 我们用干面包凑合吧。
He made believe he was innocent. 他假装无辜。
Don’t let slip such a good opportunity to learn. 不要丢失这样一个好机会。
He let go (of) the rope. 我松了绳子。
I hear say that there’ll be an earthquake soon. 我听说不久要有地震。
Don’t let there be any noise. 不要再制造噪音了。