63.do with 与deal with: 都译为“处理，对付，安排，应付”

What have you done with the milk? 用what提问。

How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提问。

下面两句由此而来：Could you tell me what to do with the milk?

Could you tell me how to deal with this problem?

64.就近原则：常见的有：Either you or Lucy is wrong.

There is a dog and two cats in the yard. (there be句型)

Not only you but (also) I am strict in the work.

Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.

65.主谓一致：One / Neither of you is right. (单数谓语)

Tom, with his friends, has gone. (主语是Tom, 单数谓语)

This pair of shoes looks beautiful. (主语是pair, 谓语用单数)

The shoes look beautiful. (此句主语无pair, 谓语用复数)

Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it. (此结构中用单数谓语)

The old need to be looked after carefully. The young are energetic.

(the 加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)

Mr. and Mrs. Green are from America. 指格林夫妇 (复数谓语)

The teacher and writer is an able man. 指教师兼作家, 一个人，单数谓语。

Both you and I are excited about the news. (both…..and …做主语，谓语用复数)

the number of与a number of参见39. (分数表达见50, 其它见74之5)

66.quite / such / really用法之一：如果出现不定冠词时，不定冠词常放在后面。

It’s quite an easy question. He is quite a clever boy.

It’s such an important lesson.(另见33) Lily is really a lazy girl.

67.部分用what 提问的句型：

What size do you want? 你想要多大尺寸的?

What will you do with the problem? 你将怎样处理这个问题?

What’s the population of China? 中国的人口是多少?

What day is it today?今天星期几? What’s the date today? 今天几月几号?

What’s the price of this one? 这个价钱是多少?

What’s your address? 你的地址是什么?

—19—

What’s your phone number? 你的电话号码是多少?

68.there be部分用法：●there be 后跟的是名词。如：There will be rain tomorrow.

此处名词rain不能用rainy, raining等形式。

●常有以下结构: there may / will / must / is going to / used to /…be. …

●there be中不可再出现have / has / had (译为“有”) 的词。

●there be 后接的是表示泛指的名词，即不加the. There is a dog under the desk.

There is no water in the bottle. There are some books on the shelf.

●There is only a student taking notes now. (划线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing)

There is no need to open the box. There are 20 trees to be planted. There is nothing to do.

(划线部分逻辑上不是主谓关系，动词常用带to 不定式。)

●反意疑问句用法见45。

69.常见表否定的词或短语:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, never等.(但前缀如dis--, un--, in--, im--, mis--或后缀如—less等词并不表否定。)

有些词或短语有时在某些句型中也相当于否定，如without, too…to…

without anything, too tired to go any further

70.常见后接动词原形的词或短语: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情态动词，等等。 (have“使、让”，可接动词原形，其它用法，另见36)

【注意否定形式： had better / would you please / let直接加not + 动原;

而please加don’t + 动原】

71.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finish / enjoy / practice / give up / end up / put off / consider / keep / feel like / prefer…to…/ can’t help(禁不住) / be busy / be worth(值得) / take turns(轮流) / miss(错过) / spend / have fun / 介词等。

72.常见后接带to不定式的词或短语：want / hope / wish / allow / encourage(鼓励)/ ask / tell / pretend(假装) / decide / plan / invite / urge / advise / warn / seem / in order (为了) 等等。

疑问词后也可跟带to不定式, 如how to do it。 it作形式主语，后也常有带to不定式。

【否定形式：以上大多词 + not + to do sth】

73.被动语态 (be + 动词过去分词) 用法：1主动语态为下列情况时被动语态的变化：

一般情况：I saw the accident . →The accident was seen by me.

We often do homework at night. →Homework is often done at night.

双宾情况:He told us a story.→We were told a story.(无to)→A story was told to us.(有to)

She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.(无to)→A pen was passed to me. (有to)

情态动词:We can make a plan. →A plan can be made.

—20—

进行时态:Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom. (be being done)

完成时态：I have finished the work. →The work has been finished. (have been done)

被动语态其它用法分别见6和36.

2被动语态常跟的介词：(以下面短语为例)

be made in + 地点 These watches are made in Shanghai.

be made of + 眼睛可以看出的原材料 This desk is made of wood. (仍能看出木头)

be made from +眼睛看不出的原材料 The paper is made from wood. (看不出木头)

be used for + 目的 English is often used for business. (用于商业目的)

This machine is used for cutting things. (用于切割东西)

be used as …被用来当作…… English is used as a foreign language in China.

be made by + 人 The model ship was made by Lily.

be filled with / be covered with是固定短语，分别译为“被充满了…”和“被覆盖着…”

The room is filled with smoke. This bag is filled with rice.

The ground is covered with snow. The hill is covered with trees.

74.名词或所属格作定语：1强调性别时a man doctor / two men doctors ;

a woman teacher / six women teachers a man cleaner / some men cleaners

被修饰词是单数时，性别也用单数;被修饰词是复数时，性别也用复数。

2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

a bus station / some bus stations 复数只变被修饰的词, 定语不再变复数。

3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / Teachers’ Day / Children’s Day / Nurses’ Day……

“复数 + ’s ” 作定语，译为“…的…”

4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此处“单数 + ’s ”作定语。

5and连接的名词所属格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers. 分别是两个人的爸爸，所以应分别加 ’s，做主语时谓语用复数。而下一句： Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting. 两人共有的爸爸，两人后只加一个 ’s. 做主语时谓语用单数。

75.win与beat区别：都有“赢”的意思。 win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.

We won the first place in the sports meeting. 我们赢了第一名。

而beat后加的是人，也可译为“打败”：I’m afraid they will beat us.

I hope we can beat the boys’ team. (男子队，相当于人。)

76.it / that / this / one当代词时的部分用法：1it 指上文的某个事物，和上文是同一个。

This book is very useful. I will take good care of it. it也可指上文所说的事：

My son has lost himself in the computer games. I’m worried about it.

in a hurry(匆忙), in pen / ink(用钢笔 / 墨水) (见105), in style(时新的)

in the day(在白天)(见92), in different sizes(以不同的大小), in red(穿着红衣服)in different shapes(以不同的形状) in a difficult situation(在困难情况下)

in good health(身体健康) in a red coat(穿着红外套)(见46), in English(用英语)

in the way(挡道) in a low voice(用低的声音) in order to(为了，后接动词原形)

59.比较级与最高级部分要点：1不规则形式或易错形式：

much / many→more→most bad / badly / ill→worse→worst

far→farther / further→farthest / furthest little→less→least

few→fewer→fewest old→older / elder→oldest / eldest

2常见比较级/最高级句型：He runs faster than me. (有than, 用比较级)

He did better than any other student in the school. (用比较级。另见48的other用法，)

—16—

Tom is the cleverest boy in his class. (某个范围内，用最高级)

He is the taller of the two (boys). (两者，用比较级。)

(注意：此句型中比较级前加the。而一般情况下比较级前不加the.最高级前才加the.)

He is the tallest of the three (boys) / of all. He jumped (the) farthest of the four.

(以上两句都指三者或更多，用最高级。前句因the在形容词最高级前，不可省略;而后句因the在副词前， 可以省略。)

Which is better, tea or milk? (两者选择，用比较级。)

Which is the best, tea, milk or water? (三者或更多中选择，用最高级。)

It’s the second longest river in China. (序数词后的形容词或副词用最高级形式。)

3“越来越…”结构：“比较级 + and + 比较级”

He cried harder and harder. 他哭得越来越厉害了。 She is getting taller and taller.

类似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse…

多音节词或部分双音节词：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully / interesting…

4“越…, 越…” “the+比较级”分别置于两句的开头，作为倒装成份。

The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.英语越困难，你就要越努力。

The younger we are, the more energy we have. 我们越年轻，我们就越有活力。

The more you eat, the fatter you will get.你吃得越多，你就变得越胖。

5“越来越多的…”more and more + 名词 (既有可数名词，也有不可数名词。)

More and more people are getting richer and richer.

We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water …. (与3所接形 / 副不同)

6“…得多”much + 形容词 / 副词比较级

This room is much bigger than that one.

类似：much taller / fatter / younger / heavier / faster / earlier / better…

注意多音节词或部分双音节词：much more careful / difficult / tiring / mysterious…

7“另外的…(个) …”结构：数量 + more + 名词，如two more students“另两个学生”

以下类似：one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles, much more truth,

some more meat, a lot more wood, a little more experience,

once more = one more time = again. 上述结构有时也可用another + 数字 + 名词替代：

five more trees = another five trees (记住词的位置) (另见48， another)

60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物动词。

Don’t talk in class. Shall we talk about our English study? 　3in his / a car (car前用in) 4on foot

5动词短语: ride a bike / a horse; drive a car; walk; take a plane / taxi / bus; fly等。

90.kind of 与kinds of: 1kind of 单独用，表示“有点”，后接形容词或副词：

He is kind of thin.”他有点瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有点饿”

Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly. 王叔叔说得有点快。

2若kind of前有a, this, that, what等，译为“种，种类” 后加名词。

That kind of question is difficult to answer. 那类问题难回答。

What kind of sport do you like best? 你最喜欢何种运动?

3熟记一些短语：all kinds of...“各种各样的...” many kinds of“很多种类的”

different kinds of“不同种类的” 后都加名词。

91.rain / snow / wind的常见修饰词：a strong wind“一阵强风” a heavy rain

“一场大雨” heavy snow“大雪” (以上修饰词与后面名词组成了名词短语)

blow hard“猛烈地吹” snow heavily“下大雪” rain hard / heavily“下大雨”

(以上修饰词与前面动词组成了动词短语)

92.day的部分用法：1in eight days“8天后” (in + 时间段 “….时间后”. )

2in the day / daytime“在白天” (前加“in”)

3on Teachers’ Day / May Day on Monday(表节日或星期几，前用”on”. 另见110)

4(in) those / these days“在过去 / 现在”= in the old days (用”in”)

5today, next / last / this / that / every / all day等前面常不加介词。

93.个别名词的部分用法：1family“家庭;家庭成员”指整体时，表示单数，谓语动词用单数形式;指成员时，表示复数，谓语用复数形式：

His family is going to move. My family is large. (以上指整体，谓语用单数)

My family are very well.我全家人很健康。 (指成员，谓语用复数)

类似的还有：staff(职员)，class, team, public(公众)，government等.

2有些名词只表复数，谓语只用复数。如people, police, cattle等：

The police are searching for a man with a big nose. The cattle have been killed .

3deer, fish，sheep等词的单数和复数形式相同： a deer (一只鹿) / two deer (两只鹿)

a fish (一条鱼) / two fish (两条鱼) a sheep (一只羊) / some sheep (一些羊)

另外fish若表示种类时，复数要在后加es: two fishes(两种鱼)

4有些名词单数变复数有特殊形式：

—25—

man→men; woman→women; foot→feet; tooth→teeth;

mouse→mice; child→children; ox→oxen (公牛)

5有些名词通常只有复数形式 (左右对称的)：

scissors (剪刀) clothes(衣服) trousers (裤子) glasses(眼镜)

6有些名词只是不可数名词： It’s such great fun. What fun! What good news!

I won’t do anything in such bad weather. Can you tell me some information?

I like music which is popular. 类似：a piece of chalk much knowledge

94.leave的用法：1leave可指“离开”leave Zhengzhou离开郑州

leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan离开郑州到武汉

leave for Wuhan动身到武汉 (for后接目的地，而不是出发地)

2leave留下;忘记 I left my backpack at home.

leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。如：Sorry, I forgot the money.

95. ill与sick的区别：1都可译为“生病的”。ill只在系动词后作表语：

Her mother was ill in bed. She feels ill today.

但sick既可作表语： Her mother was sick / ill in bed. (作表语常是美国英语用法)

也可作定语(即后接名词)：Jane is taking care of her sick mother.

(此处是定语，不可用ill. 原因见下文ill用法)

2若ill作定语，译为“坏的，恶劣的”an ill person一个坏人

sick作表语时也常译为“恶心的，想吐的”。

The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.

96.return用法：1“返回”，相当于“go back / get back / come back..

如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.

(当“返回”时是不及物动词，先加to才可再加地点。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.)

2“归还”，相当于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.

(当“归还”时是及物动词，后直接加物，不加to. 同样不可再跟back.)

You should return the piano to Dick on time. (后接有人时，方可加to)

97.favourite 与own的类似结构: 形容词性物主代词 + favorite + 名词 “某人最喜欢的...”。同样，形容词性物主代词 + own + 名词“某人自己的...”

如：My favorite animal is dog. He found his own bike.

—26—

98.stop / start (begin) / forget (remember) / like / go on等动词：

1stop doing sth. 停止正在做的某事。He was tired, so he stopped working.

stop to do sth. 停下来做某事(stop后是将要做的事)。

He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.

有时两种形式会同时出现：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.

2start / begin doing / to do 含义基本相同，但以下情况下start / begin后只接to do:

★若start / begin 已用进行时态时：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.

★主语是物而不是人时：The ice began / started to melt. 冰开始融化。

★其后的动词与想法、感情有关时：He began / started to understand it.

3forget / remember to do sth. 忘记 / 想起将要做的事。

forget / remember doing sth. 忘记 / 想起已经做过的事。

4◆like doing sth. (因爱好而喜欢，表示一种习惯)

Jack likes sleeping in the class. (在班睡觉虽不是好事，杰克却有这个爱好。表习惯。)

Jim doesn’t like helping others. (无助人的习惯或爱好)

◆like to do sth(因明智或正确而喜欢) She likes to help others. (助人正确，所以喜欢。)

I don’t like to play in the street. (在大街上玩不明智，故不喜欢)

大多情况下区别不明显，接两形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.

5go on doing sth.继续做某事(上文所做的事) go on to do sth接下来做另一件事.

99.人称代词形式：

主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词

作主语作宾语后要再接名词后不再接名词主宾一致

Imemy ( pen / house...)minemyself

you(你)youyour (bag / car...)yoursyourself

hehimhis (desk / coat...)hishimself

sheherher (hair / books...)hersherself

ititits (tail / face...)itsitself

weusour (teachers / room...)oursourselves

you(你们)youyour (class / city...)yoursyourselves

theythemtheir (school / seats...)theirsthemselves

(如果动词的施动者，即主语，和动词或介词后相应的宾格代词是相同的人或物时，

其宾格代词要用反身代词： I teach myself English. We solved the problems ourselves.

Lucy hurt herself by accident. You have to take care of yourself.)

100.基数词和序数词：基数词表示人或物的数量。序数词表示人或物的次序。注意以下几种形式：one→first two→second three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth (thirty, forty, fifty…..都变y为i加 eth.)

另外，“四十”forty; 无字母u. “第九”ninth无字母e.

101.room / space / place: 1room“房间”(可数)a room / two rooms

“空间”(不可数)：指可以容纳东西或为其它目的而使用的空间。

Could you make room for me? 你能为我让一下空间吗?

Is there room for me in the car? 车里有我的位子吗?

2space“空间”普通用语，表示万物存在之处，与“时间”(time)为相对概念。

in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空间(太空) time and space时间和空间

Is there any space for me in the car? 车里有给我留的空间吗?(此处和room的含义相当)

3place“地方”(可数)，指某一具体地点。

I want to live in a place which is warm in winter. 我想住在冬季温暖的一个地方。

Mount Chaya is a wonderful place. 嵖岈山是一个奇妙之地。

102.常见国籍、人与语言的对应：

1China“中国” Chinese(无复数形式)“中国人(的)/ 中文(的)/ 中国的”

a Chinese/ two Chinese“一个 / 两个中国人” Japan, Japanese 和此类似。

2England“英国(原义：英格兰)” (= Britain)

English(无复数形式)“英国人(的)/ 英语(的)/ 英国的”

He is English.(前无冠词)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠词)“他是英国人”

注意复数：They are English. = They are Englishmen. (变为men)

3France“法国” French(无复数形式)“法国人(的) / 法语(的) / 法国的”

The lady is French. (前无冠词)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠词)

注意复数：The ladies are French. = The ladies are Frenchwomen.

4Germany“德国” German“德国人(的) / 德语(的) / 德国的”

The boy is a German. (前有冠词) The boys are Germans.(复数加s.)

5America“美国” American“美国人(的)/ 美国的”

He is American.(前常无冠词) They are Americans.(复数加s)

103.易写错词形:◆noise(名词)“噪音”; noisy(形容词); noisily(副词)

—28—

◆health(名词)“健康”; healthy(形容词); healthily(副词)

◆luck(名词)“运气”; lucky(形容词)“幸运的”; luckily(副词)

◆succeed(动词)“成功”; success(名词); successful(形容词); successfully(副词)

◆save(动)“救”; safe(形)“安全的”; safety(名)“安全，安全场所”safely(副) “安全地”

◆true(形)“真的，对的”; truly(副)“真正地”; truth(名)“真理, 事实”

◆terrible(形容词)“难受的，可怕的”; terribly(副词)“可怕地”

104. job与work: 1job, 可数：I have a job as a teacher. Jobs are not easy to get.

2work, 不可数：I cannot find work in this town. Have you finished your work?

105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen / a pencil / a piece of chalk

2in用写字材料：write in ink / pen (材料前无冠词)

106.时刻之表达：1分钟未过半点 如7:20→seven twenty→twenty past seven;

2:02→two oh two→two past two 以上情况不可用带to的表达，但可用past。

2分钟已过半点 如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six

1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 以上情况不可用past, 但可用to.

3刚好半点，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine

4刚好整点，如11:00→eleven o’clock 15:00→fifteen o’clock　　107.be + 形 + of sb 与 for sb的区别：1It’s kind of you to help me. 你帮助我真好。