VII. 先行词和关系词二合一

1) Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)

2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)

VIII. what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever

1)what = the thing which;whatever = anything。例如：

What you want has been sent here. 你要的动词都送来了。

Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我没什么关系。

2) who= the person that　 whoever= anyone who。例如：

(错)Who breaks the law will be punished.

(错)Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.

(对)Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，与庶民同罪。

(对)Who robbed the bank is not clear. 谁抢了银行还不清楚。

3) that 和 what

当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当

任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。例如：

I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。

What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。

IX. 关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况

a) 引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

b) 介词后不能用。例如：

We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2)

(一) which与that指物时可互相代替，但that比which更常见，尤其在口语中。但要注意that可用来指人，而which则不能指人。

只能用that不能用which引导的定语从句：

①定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导;

This is the most interesting story (that) I have ever heard.

②定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被序数词修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导;

The children like the second Lesson that is about “The Football March”.

③定语从句所修饰的词，同时又被the only，the very或the same修饰时，

定语从句只能用that引导;

1) It is the only word (that) I know in the passage.

2) This is the same bicycle (that) I lost.

④定语从句修饰的词同时又被不定代词，如：all，any，no，every，little，many或much等修饰时，定语从句只能用that引导;

Here is all the money (that) I have.

⑤定语从句修饰词为everything，something，anything，nothing，all，none，much，little，few等不定代词时，定语从句只能用that引导。但something前有the时，定语从句可由which引出。

Here is something (that) I will tell you.

I want everything (that) I want.

⑥定语从句修饰的词中同时含有“人”和“物”的名词时，定语从句只能用that引导：

I can remember well the persons and some picture (that) I see in the room.

⑦定语从句修饰的词为one, ones时，定语从句用that引导：

Is it the one (that) you want?

⑧当主句的主语是疑问词 who或 which来提问时，为了避免重复，用that引导定语从句：]

Who is the girl that won the first place?

(二) who指人，that除指人外也指物，在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语可省略，作主语不能省略。

1) The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. (作主语，不可省略)

2) The teacher who spoke at the meeting just now is having a rest in his office. (作主语，不可省略)

3) The boy (who/ that) I like isn’t here now. (作宾语，可省略)

注 意:

who与that指人时可互相代替，但下列情况只能用who不能用that引导的定语从句：

① 先行词是one，ones，anyone时，定语从句只能用who引导;

② 先行词为those时，定语从句只能用who引导;

③ There be句型开头。

另 注：(1) whom指人，为who的宾格形式,在句中只作宾语，其前没有介词时，也可用who替换使用，也可省略，如：

Who is the teacher (that/ who/ whom) Yanzhen is talking to? (作宾语，可省略)

Who is the teacher to whom Yanzhen is talking? (作宾语，介词to提到whom前，whom再此不可省略)

(2) whose 指人，也可指物，在从句中作定语，不可省略。如：

The building whose windows face to the south is our school. (作定语，不可省略)

注意：1)在关系代词that，which，who，whom引导的定语从句中，只有当他们做定语从句的宾语时，才可以省略。

2) 关系代词在定语从句中做主语，动词单复数由其前的名词或代词决定。

He who doesn’t study hard won’t pass the exam.

3) 因为关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中已充当一个成分，该从句中不能出现与它重复的成分。

That is the only movie (that)I’d like to see. (对)

That is the only movie (that)I’d like to see it. (错)

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