Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.57、 QuesUons57-66are based on the following paassage
Trying to quantify your aerobic fitness (有氧适能)is difficult since it usually requires access to an exercise-physiology lab.But researchers at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology have developed a low-tech means of precisely assessing aerobic fitness and estimating your "fitness age", or how well your body functions physically, relative to how well it should work, given your age.
The researchers evaluated almost 5,000 Norwegians between the ages of 20 and 90, using mobile labs.They took about a dozen measurements, including height, body mass index, resting heart rate, HDL (高密度脂蛋白)and total cholesterol (胆固醇)levels. Each person also filled out a lifestyle questionnaire.Finally, each volunteer ran to the point of exhaustion on a treadmill (跑步机)to measure his or her peak oxygen intake (VO2 max) 一an indicator of fitness age, sine VO2 max is found to closely correlate with significantly increased life spans, even among the elderly or overweight.
In order to figure out how to estimate VO2 max without a treadmill, the scientists examined the results to determine which of the data points were most useful. Surprisingly, they found that putting just five measurements--waist circumference (腰围); resting heart rate; frequency and intensity of exercise; age; and sex-r-into an formula allowed them to predict a person's VO2 max with great accuracy, according to their study published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
The researchers used the data set to make a table of the typical, desirable VO2 max for a healthy person at every age from 20 to 90, creating specific parameters (参数)for fitness age. The concept is simple enough, explains Ulrik Wisloff, a professor at the Norwegian University and the senior author of the study."A 70-year-old person who has the peak oxygen intake of a 20-year-old has a fitness age of 20," he says.He has seen just this combination during his research.
The researchers have used all of this data to create an online calculator that allows people to determine their VO2 max without going to a lab. Just plug the numbers of the five measurements into the calculator, and you'll learn your fitness age. To determine your resting heart rate, sit quietly for 10 minutes and check your pulse; count for 30 seconds, double the number and you have your resting heart rate.
The results can be alarming. A 50-year-old man, for instance, may have a fitness age of 59. Thankfully, unwanted fitness years can be erased. Exercise more frequently or more intensely. Then replug your numbers and your "age" will decline. A youthful fitness age, Dr. Wisloff says, "is the single best predictor of current and future health."
What can we infer about aerobic fitness?
A.It's impossible to measure for the need of special labs.
B.It's difficult to measure precisely.
C.It can be quantified by your fitness age.
D.It shows how well your body should function.
58、How did the researchers obtain the volunteers' fitness age?
A.By asking each volunteer to take about a dozen measurements.
B.By checking the lifestyle questionnaires filled by volunteers.
C.By plugging five measurements into an online calculator.
D.By measuring each volunteer's VO2 max with a treadmill.
59、Which of the following is one of the achievements made by the researchers?
A.They worked out a reference table for fitness age.
B.They specified how to determine your resting heart rate.
C.They identified VO2 max as an indicator of fitness age.
D.They indicated that the elderly can have increased life spans.
60、What do we learn about the five measurements that can be used to predict a person's fitness age?
A.In the study they were among the previous dozen measurements.
B.You can get the five measurements all by yourself.
C.Exercise is more important than the other four measurements.
D.The researchers had expected less than five measurements.
61、What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.Fitness age tends to be larger than your actual age.
B.Fitness age may vary based on the amount of exercise.
C.You should run the calculator twice to get the accurate fitness age.
D.Fitness age can determine your future health.
62、Questions62-71are based on the following passage.
Most of us are bad at spotting a lie, at least consciously.New research, published recently in Psychological Science, suggests that we have good instincts for judging liars, but that they are so deeply buried that we can't get at them.
This finding is the work of Leanne Ten Brinke, now at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley."Perhaps our own bodies know better than our conscious minds who is lying," she explained.
It's well accepted that most of us are no better than a flip (轻抛.of the coin at seeing a lie.A classic experiment involves showing study subjects videotape of people, some of whom are lying, who say they did not steal $100; the subjects correctly guess the liars about half the time.
Dr.Ten Brinke and her collaborators improved that experiment: After the subjects watched the video and made their conscious assessments of who was lying, the researchers tried to measure the subjects' unconscious reactions.
The researchers flashed images of someone already seen in the videotape--but this time in milliseconds, indiscernible consciously.The subjects then completed a word task that involved placing "truth" words (like truthful, honest, valid) and "lie" words (dishonest, invalid, deceitful.into their proper categories.
When study subjects were flashed a picture of a liar, they were significantly slower to put words like truthful or honest into the "truth" category, but faster to put words like deceitful into the "lie" category.The opposite was true when the subjects saw a truthful person.So, in general, the same people seemed better at detecting lies unconsciously than consciously.By scientific measures, the size of the effect was obviously nontrivial (重大的) , but not overwhelming.
There are many theories about why the ability to pick out liars gets lost in translation to consciousness.Dr.Ten Brinke speculated that we tell one another little lies all the time---for survival, reproductive (繁衍) strategy, and so on--and that part of getting along socially is being able to let those harmless lies escape notice.
Is it possible to access the unconscious ability? "It's the million-dollar question," she said. The study fits into a rich history of lie, detection research, with some researchers saying they can read lies in facial expressions, and others arguing that liars just don't give off enough clear signals to allow detection.
"The cues are so faint," said Dr.Bella DePaulo, a visiting professor of psychology at Uniyersity of California, Santa Barbara and an expert in the science of lie detection.She said that there was some evidence that supported the idea of unconscious or indirect lie detecting, but she doubted that it would ever become a truly effective system.
What can we learn about our conscious ability to judge liars?
A.It is much better than a flip of the coin.
B.It is based on the facial expressions of liars.
C.It is better than our bodies' instinctive reactions.
D.It is unreliable and almost comparable to luck.
63、According to Dr.Ten Brinke's study, what were the subjects faster to do when they saw a truthful person?
A.To put the word deceitful into the "lie" category.
B.To put the word honest into the "lie" category.
C.To put the word honest into the "truth" category.
D.To put the word deceitful into the "truth" category.
64、What is one possible reason for our loss of the unconscious ability to detect lies?
A.We ourselves are liars in order to adapt to the society.
B.There are not enough clear signals for lie detection.
C.It is a strategy we adopt to find harmful lies.
D.The unconscious ability is buried too deeply to access.
65、What does "the million-dollar question" (Line 1, Para. 8) most suitably refer to?
A.It is a question that is worth a million dollars.
B.It is a difficult question that no one can give a final answer to.
C.To answer the question will cost a huge amount of money.
D.There is too much research that is related to this question.
66、What's Dr.Bella DePaulo's attitude toward unconscious lie detecting?
A.Supportive.
B.Critical.
C.Unconcerned
D.Skeptical.