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高中英语知识点:动词种类和形式

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2012-03-20


【读者按】动词可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类。那我们该怎么用动词呢?怎么样用才正确呢?下面看看精品学习网编辑的“高中英语知识点”

 

类    别

意     义

例     句

实义动词

含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。

She has some bananas.

They eat a lot of potatoes.

连系动词

本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。

His father is a teacher.

 Twins usually look the same.

The teacher became very angry.

助动词

本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。

He doesn’t speak English.

We are playing basketball.

Do you have a brother?

情态动词

本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。

You can keep the books for two weeks.

May I smoke here?

We must go now. 

 

★重要注解:

(1)关于实义动词:

①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:

后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。

②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive等。

有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say,raise,lay,find,buy等。

③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study,sing等。

④有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know,wash等。

⑤有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如:listen,reply,wait,look.

(2)关于连系动词:

①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。

②常见的连系动词有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie等。

③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化:look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。

(3)关于助动词:

①常见的助动词有:

用于进行时和被动语态的be(am,is,are,was,were,been,being);

用于完成时的have(has,had,having);

用于将来时的shall(should);will(would)

用于一般时的do(does,did).

②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall,will,should,would.

(4)关于情态动词:

2、动词词形变化一览表:

(1)规则动词变化表:

 

规 则变 化

原形动词结尾情况

现在时单三人称

现在分词/动名词

过去式和过去分词

一般情况

+s

+ing

+ed

s,x,ch,sh,o结尾

+es

+ing

+ed

辅音字母+y结尾

y→i,+es

+ing

y→i,+ed

重读闭音节一元一辅结尾

+s

双写辅音字母,+ing

双写辅音字母,+ed

不发音的e结尾

+s

去掉e,+ing

+d

ie结尾

+s

ie→y,+ing

+d

不规则变化

have→has;be→is

(无)  

(见不规则动词变化表)

 

(2)不规则动词变化表:(原形→过去式→过去分词)

 

be(am,is)

  was

been

 

lose

lost

lost

 

be(are)

were

been

 

make

made

made

 

beat

beat

beaten

 

may

might

 

 

become

became

become

 

mean

meant

meant

 

begin

began

begun

 

meet

met

met

 

blow

blew

blown

 

mistake

mistook

mistaken

 

break

broke

broken

 

must

must

 

 

bring

brought

brought

 

pay

paid

paid

 

build

built

built

 

put

put

put

 

buy

bought

bought

 

read

read

Read

 

can

could

 

 

ride

rode

ridden

 

catch

caught

caught

 

ring

rang

rung

 

choose

chose

chosen

 

rise

rose

risen

 

come

came

come

 

run

ran

run

 

cost

cost

cost

 

say

said

said

 

cut

cut

cut

 

see

saw

seen

 

dig

dug

dug

 

sell

sold

sold

 

do

did

done

 

send

sent

sent

 

draw

drew

drawn

 

set

set

set

 

drink

drank

drunk

 

shall

should

 

 

drive

drove

driven

 

shine

shone

shone

eat

ate

eaten

 

show

showed

shown

fall

fell

fallen

 

shut

shut

shut

feel

felt

felt

 

sing

sang

sung

find

found

found

 

sink

sank/sunk

sunk/sunken

fly

flew

flown

 

sit

set

set

forget

forgot

forgot/forgotten

 

sleep

slept

slept

freeze

froze

frozen

 

smell

smelt

smelt

get

got

got

 

speak

spoke

spoken

give

gave

given

 

spend

spent

spent

go

went

gone

 

spill

spilt

spilt

grow

grew

grown

 

spoil

spoilt

spoilt

hang

hung/hanged

hung/hanged

 

stand

stood

stood

have(has)

had

had

 

sweep

swept

swept

hear

heard

heard

 

swim

swam

swum

hide

hid

hidden

 

take

took

taken

hit

hit

hit

 

teach

taught

taught

hold

held

held

 

tell

told

told

hurt

hurt

hurt

 

think

thought

thought

keep

kept

kept

 

throw

threw

thrown

know

knew

known

 

understand

understood

understood

lay

laid

laid

 

wake

woke/waked

woken/waked

learn

learnt/learned

learnt/learned

 

wear

wore

worn

leave

left

left

 

will

would

 

lend

lent

lent

 

win

won

won

let

let

let

 

write

wrote

witten

lie

lay

lain

 

 

 

 

 

3、be(“是/存在”)动词的各种时态变化:

 

一 般 现 在 时

一 般 将 来 时

现 在 完 成 时

I am….

You are.…

He/She/It is….

We/You/They are….

(I等各人称) will be….

I am               

He/She/It is        going to be… 

We/You/They are

I have been….

You have been….

She/he/It has been….

We/You/They have been….

一 般 过 去 时

过 去 将 来 时

过 去 完 成 时

I was….

You were.…

He/She/It was….

We/You/They were….

(I等各人称) would be….

I was        

He/She/It was        going to be…

We/You/They were

I had been….

You had been….

She/he/It had been….

We/You/They had been….

 

注意:句型变化时,

否定句在am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为n’t(am后面not不可以缩写);

疑问句将am/is/are/will/have/has/was/were/had/would提前到句首。

4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化一览表:

 

现在  时态

一 般 现 在 时

现 在 进 行 时

一 般 将 来 时

现 在 完 成 时

谓语动词构成

动词用原形(单三加s / es)

(问句和否定句借用助词do / does)

am

is     +动词-ing

are

will + 动词原形

am

is     +going to+动词原形

are

have +过去分词

has

过去  时态

一 般 过 去 时

过 去 进 行 时

过 去 将 来 时

过 去 完 成 时

谓语动词构成

动词用过去式

(问句和否定句借用助词did)

was

       +动词-ing

were

would + 动词原形

was

+going to+动词原形

were

 

 

注:动词的非谓语形式及用法见非谓语动词专项讲解。

误区提醒

动词的种类和形式要结合动词的时态、语态等来学习,掌握好动词的分类和形式,是学好时态和语态的基础,撇开动词分类及基础知识去学其他内容,是舍本求末的做法,只有基础扎实了,才能高屋建瓴,彻底弄清楚跟动词有关的其他内容,打赢英语学习当中的攻坚战!
 

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