Text 4

Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we the people who create the society we want ,not profit ”.

Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .

As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.

In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.

In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.

The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.

36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by

[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.

[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.

[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.

【答案】[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism

【解析】通过题干可以将此题锁定在前两段。第一段指出Elisabeth谈到了“我们很多机构都面临着令人沮丧的正直感的丧失”。接下来第二句指出这种正直感的丧失是因为大家普遍认为社会中唯一的分类机制(sorting mechanism)应该是利益和市场。而从第一段最后一句我们看出，她认为“应该是我们人类自己创造我们想要的社会，而不应该是利益”。可见，Elisabeth很不认可目前的这种分类机制(sorting mechanism)以及所造成的不良后果，这也正是她感到沮丧的原因。故A选项consequence of the current sorting mechanism(目前这种分类机制的后果)是真正让她沮丧的原因。

37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that

[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime

[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.

[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.

[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.

【答案】[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking

【解析】第三段第一句指出，Andy Coulson因为参与手机黑客案件被裁定有罪，然而他的前任却被认定是无罪的。通过这一事件，作者得出由此造成的道德沦丧广泛问题依然存在(the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands)。即仍然存在一些人没有被裁定有罪。接着文章指出了在新闻业中，已经有记者被认定非法侵入用户手机。而还有一些在等待审判(others await trial)，由此可以推出，将会有更多的记者因为涉及手机黑客案件而被裁定有罪。故正确答案为选项B。

38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s deference

[A] revealed a cunning personality

[B] centered on trivial issues

[C] was hardly convincing

[D] was part of a conspiracy

【答案】[C] was hardly convincing

【解析】根据题干中的“defence”可以回文定位到文章第四段最后一句话。该句指出Ms. Brooks辩护成功的关键在于她对这个事件一无所知(she knew nothing)。而作者在该段第一句话中指出，道德丧失不仅体现在普遍存在的手机黑客这一事实上，更体现在一些审判案件所使用的条款上，其中最震惊的就是对Ms. Brooks的审判。可见，作者对该案的审判持否定态度。因此，认为她的辩护是不可信的。故正确答案为C。

39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows

[A] generally distorted values

[B] unfair wealth distribution

[C] a marginalized lifestyle

[D] a rigid moral cote

【答案】[A] (generally distorted values)

【解析】通过题干中的“collective doctrine”可以直接定位到文中第五段第三行。该句指出“collective doctrine”是社会的分类机制应该是利益。接下来可以看出，那些真正起作用的是那些表示利益的词“efficiency，flexibility，shareholder value，business-friendly，wealth generation…”，而表示公平、正义的词(Justice，fairness，tolerance…)则被置于边缘。可见，这种教义(collective doctrine)只关注利益，而忽略了公平与正义，这显然是一种扭曲的价值观。故A选项正确。

40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?

[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.

[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.

[C] Moral awareness matters in exciting a newspaper.

[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.

【答案】[C] moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper

【解析】这是一道开放式推理题。作者在最后一段前两句话指出，新闻报道的目的不是为了促进读者的理解，也不是为了追求公平或者违背人类共有的人性，而是通过追求发行量的影响率来破坏人们的生活。即文章从一开始指出的一个问题，为了追求利益而造成了正值感的丧失。从“ruin”一词可以看出，作者对新闻记者的这一行为持否定的态度。并且通过Ms. Brooks女士的行为加以佐证。作者通过正话反说的方式，突出新闻报道过程中正值感的重要性。故正确答案为C，moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper(在新闻报道中，道德意识很重要)，其中moral awareness和integrity是同义互换。

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) ______you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.

The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42) _______

Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______

Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44) _______This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.

How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)_______such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.

[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.

[B] Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.

[D]In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.

[E]You make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

[F]In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.

[G]Rather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

41、【答案】[C] If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms...

【解析】从首段疑问句可以看出文章主题围绕如何阅读来进行展开。41题空在段中间，需要看空处的前一句和后一句，前一句说的是要去理解单词的含义，并关注句法，而后一句说开始推测文章语境。所以可以推测出41题空处应该说的是单词语义和语境之间的联系，关键词就是words和context。纵览选项，只有C项符合语境和关键词要求，属同词复现，上下文语义逻辑关联。故正确答案选C。

42、【答案】[E] You make further inferences, for instance...

【解析】该题空在段末，需要看空处的前一句和下一段首句，前一句说的是我们通过作者给出的一些具体线索来理解含义，而下一段首句说通过这种方式表达，每个人的理解都会有所不同。所以可以推测出42空处内容要有关根据作者给的线索推测信息，而且可能会涉及不同的人有不同的理解，关键词是infer, the writer和each reader。纵览选项，只有E项符合语境且出现inferences, the author, personal，属同义词复现。故正确答案选E。

43、【答案】[G] Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis...

【解析】空格后出现明显的指代线索词such background material，所以空格内必定要出现相关的信息，浏览选项，G选项中textual and contextual material，background与空后线索实现代词指代复现。而且G选项中的rather,与空前what is in question is not...实现语义逻辑关联。确定此选项为正确答案。

44、【答案】[B] Factors such as the place and period in which...

【解析】空前的线索词为who we are，空后的线索为转折逻辑关系，意思是“但这并不会使得理解仅仅有关联或者毫无意义”，关键词为interpretation，relative，pointless，空格中需要出现与此相关联的词汇，浏览后面选项，B选项中出现原词interpretations，而且此选项中的gender, ethnicity, age, social class与空前线索词who we are 相对应。确定正确答案为此选项。

45、【答案】[A] Are we studying that text and trying to respond...

【解析】空格在最后一段的中间，线索需要从空格前后寻找，空前为概括的句子，关键词为particular interest,空后出现代词指代的线索，such dimensions of reading suggest,结合关键词可以得知空格所填的部分内容需要涉及到“阅读的兴趣以及阅读维度”，浏览选项，A选项提到的诸多问题正是有关读书的兴趣以及阅读的维度。因此确定A为正确选项。

Section III Translation

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.

47) The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.

48) But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.

49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.

“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

46、【参考译文】在多种强大的动机驱动下，这次(移民)运动在一片荒野上建立了一个国家，并且就本质而言，塑造了一个未知大陆的性格和命运。

47、【参考译文】有两股主要力量形成了美国：一是欧洲民族带来的不同思想、风俗和民族特征，二是这个新国家在改变这些特征之后造成的影响。

48、【参考译文】但是，美国特有的地理条件、不同种族间的相互影响、以及在这片蛮荒的新大陆上维持旧秩序的万分艰难，带来了巨大的变化。

49、【参考译文】十五、十六世纪的探索发现了北美洲，又过了一百多年，第一艘满载移民的航船跨过大西洋驶向这片土地，即现在的美国。

50、【参考译文】原始森林树木种类繁多，是一座真正的宝库，从缅因州向南一直延伸至乔治亚州。